He was a master of psychological warfare, employing terror as a strategic weapon. Entire cities that resisted Mongol demands were often razed, while those who surrendered were spared, encouraging others to capitulate without resistance. His use of rapid horse archers who could strike and retreat quickly gave the Mongols unmatched speed and versatility on the battlefield.
Between 1206 and his death in 1227, Genghis Khan led campaigns that stretched from northern China across Central Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. Some of the notable campaigns include the conquest of the Jin dynasty in northern China, the defeat of the Khwarezmian Empire in Persia, and incursions into the Caucasus and Russia. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire covered an estimated 12 million square miles.
Governance and Legacy
While Genghis Khan is often remembered for his brutal conquests, he was also an innovative ruler. He established a code of laws known as the Yassa, which governed everything from military discipline to social behavior. This code helped maintain order across his vast and culturally diverse empire.
He promoted meritocracy, appointing leaders based on ability rather than noble birth. Genghis Khan also encouraged trade, communication, and cultural exchange along the Silk Road, which flourished under Mongol protection. The famous Yam system of relay posts allowed messages and goods to travel quickly across the empire.
His tolerance for different religions and cultures helped integrate the many peoples under Mongol rule. Although a shamanist himself, Genghis Khan supported Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, and other faiths practiced in his domains. shutdown123